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List of 100+ sociology questions and answers that might come in the upcoming Ph.d entrance examinations. This will also assist the students, teachers, Civil Services, UGC-NET, UPSC & IAS aspirants for their competitive exams!
1. The use of the term ‘Bapu’ to describe Mahatma Gandhi is an example of which one of the following?
(a) North Indian kinship terminology
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(b) Fictive kinship
(c) Putative kinship
(d) Collateral kinship
Ans. (a)
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2. According to the kinship theory, which one of the following is an example of ‘complimentary filiations’?
(a) The relation between mother’s brother and sister’s son in a patrilineal descent system
(b) The relation between grandparents and grandchildren in a system of uni-lineal descent
(c) The relation between mother and daughter in a system of matrilineal descent
(d) The use of matrilineal descent for some purposes and patrilineal for others
Ans. (d)
3. Kinship has a complex form of classification based on which of the following?
1. Systems of descent
2. Relations of consanguinity
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3. Affinal relations
Select the correct answer by using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (c)
4. Why has the functionalist approach to the study of the institution of family been criticized by many sociologists?
1. Functionalist perspective assumes the middle class families to be the ideal nuclear families.
2. Functionalist approach does not consider class, regional and religious variations in studying the institution of family.
3. Functionalist view does not explore alternatives to the family.
Select the correct answer by using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (b)
5. Who among the following eminent sociologists on the basis of study of a particular society predicted that in the post-world. War II period, there will be an isolation, differentiation and specialization of the nuclear family as a bounded sub-system of the society?
(a) G.P. Murdock
(b) Talcott Parsons
(c) W.J. Goode
(d) R.D. Laing
Ans. (b)
6. Which, among the following factors, have interacted with the family and gave impetus to the second wave of feminists in 1960s to view the family with skepticism?
1. Legislation impacting gender, personal law and international migration.
2. Increased female labour force participation.
3. Advances in science, information and communication technologies.
4. New reproductive technologies.
Select the correct answer by using the code given below:
(a) 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (d)
7. Which one of the following statements is correct? Rules of residence after marriage form an important variable in a kinship system and thereby substantially affect?
(a) The human behaviour by which goods are produced, distributed and consumed
(b) The quality of personal relations within the kin network
(c) the process of inducting kinship in the political culture
(d) The human capacity for symbolic communication or language
Ans. (b)
8. The Nayar taravad system was based on which one of the following?
(a) Necolocal residence patterns
(b) Virilocal residence patterns
(c) Natolocal residence patterns AV
(d) Uxorilocal residence patterns
Ans. (c)
9. Logical relations exist between residence rules and descent group structure. Patrilineal descent systems correlate with either neolocal or patrivirilocal residence patterns. Which of the following patterns of residence do the matrilineal descent systems correlate with?
(a) Neolocal, patrivirilocal and uxorilocal only
(b) Neolocal, avunculocal and uxorilocal only
(c) Neolocal, patrivirilocal and avunculocal only
(d) Neolocal, patrivirilocal, avunculocal and uxorilocal
Ans. (b)
10. Solving a major problem in conceptualizing the term of “descent”, who among the following scholars distinguished ‘descent’ from ‘inheritance’ and confined the term ‘descent’ to ‘membership of a group only’?
(a) A.I. Richards
(b) W.H.R. Rivers
(c) M. Fortes
(d) J.A. Barnes
Ans. (b)
11. Consider the following statements –
1. The Nuer are patrilineal and the Khasi are & matrilineal
2. The Beduoin are patrilineal and the Hopi are matrilineal
3. The Garo are matrilineal and the Toda are patrilineal
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (a)
12. Double descent or duo lineal transmission of descent group membership involves which one of the following?
(a) Patrilineal transmission of one set of attributes and matrilineal transmission of another set
(b) Transmission equally through both parents
(c) Transmission in which descent lines are sex-specific i.e. men transmit to their sons and women to their daughters
(d) Transmission in which descent lines are such that men transmit to their daughters and women to their sons.
Ans. (a)
13. Natural increase of population means—
(a) The net difference between births and deaths
(b) Population explosion
(c) The difference between migration and immigration
(d) The difference between birth rate and mortality rate
Ans. (a)
14. Who has conceptualised the following four factors that prompt migration?
(i) Factors associated with the area of origin,
(ii) Factors associated with area of destination,
(iii) Intervening obstacles, and
(iv) Personal factors
(a) Malthus
(b) Everett Lee
(c) Ricardo
(d) Doubleday
Ans. (b)
15. According to the ‘Transition theory’, the incipient decline stage is characterized by –
(a) High fertility and mortality rates
(b) High fertility and low mortality rates
(c) Low mortality and low fertility rates
(d) None of the above
Ans. (a)
16. Notestein characterised three types of population according to their stage of demographic evolution. They are:
(a) Incipient decline, transitional growth and high growth potential
(b) Transitional growth, high stationary stage, declining stage
(c) Incipient decline, low stationary stage and high growth potential
(d) None of the above
Ans. (a)
17. A travelling salesman would be counted at his location for the night regardless of whether that was his permanent residence. Which type of census would it be?
(a) De facto
(b) De jure
(c) Legal
(d) Informal
Ans. (a)
18. Which theory of population growth concerns itself with an analysis of the controversial issue of the interrelationship between population and production?
(a) Malthusian theory
(b) The Density principle
(c) Social capillarity theory
(d) Classical school
Ans. (d)
19. Population tends to increase in a geometrical ratio, whereas agricultural produce increases in arithmetical ratio. Who has said this?
(a) Marx
(b) Adam Smith
(c) Pareto
(d) None of the above
Ans. (d)
20. Which of the following statements about Malthus’ theory of population is false?
(a) Malthus has talked of preventive checks and positive checks
(b) Malthus placed emphasis on the limitation of the supply of land
(c) Malthus has grasped the significance of industrial development
(d) Population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence
Ans. (c)
21. Who, among the following sociologists, viewed crime and deviance as playing a positive rule in the functional integration of society?
(a) E. Durkheim
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Anguste Comte
(d) T.H. Marshall.
Ans. (a)
22. Consider the following statements –
1. Law is made, while custom grows in society.
2. Law is specific, custom is not.
3. Both law and custom need a special agency for enforcement.
4. Customs disappear on their own, while laws disappear with deliberate efforts by a recognised authority.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1,2,3 and 4
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4 only
Ans. (d)
23. According to E. Durkheim, law is the visible symbol of society’s –
(a) Division of labour
(b) Collective consciousness
(c) Mechanical solidarity
(d) Religious life.
Ans. (b)
24. Who, among the following identified sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational as stages in the process of socialization?
(a) John Piaget
(b) Erving Golfman
(c) Charles Cooley
(d) G.H. Mead
Ans. (a)
25. Recognition of the cultural rights of immigrants in some of the West European countries is a good example of –
(a) Assimilation
(b) Isolation
(c) Integration
(d) Acculturation
Ans. (c)
26. Which of the following is/are the example/ examples of role conflict?
1. A football coach whose daughter is a member of the team.
2. A student going to cinema during class time.
3. A judge listening the case of crime against her son.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
Ans. (b)
27. Which one of the following is the primary factor in reference group behaviour?
(a) Membership
(b) Out-going
(c) In-group
(d) Relative deprivation.
Ans. (d)
28. Consider the following statements:
1. Relationships within patrilineage or matrilineage groups are established and maintained through descent links traced through either or both parents.
2 Affinal kins are related by marriage.
3. The term ‘avuncular’ refers to prominent position of mother’s brother.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (d)
29. In bilineal descent –
(a) Men transmit to sons, while daughters inherit from their mothers.
(b) Men transmit to daughters and women to their sons.
(c) Descent is traced in father’s and mother’s line, each for different attributes or types of property.
(d) Membership is acquired through father or mother and attributes are transmitted equally through both parents.
Ans. (c)
30. Which one of the following correctly defines the term kinship?
(a) A socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two individuals.
(b) A socially recognized connection between individuals established either through marriage or through blood relatives.
(c) A group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume responsibility for caring the children.
(d) A group of people who claim a genealogical connection of descent through male or female line.
Ans. (b)
31. According to Merton which of the following rejects nominative means of achieving success and turns to deviant means, in particular crime?
(a) Retreatism
(b) Innovation
(c) Revivalism
(d) Insulation
Ans. (c)
32. Among the following, who has contributed much towards the development of modem theories of deviant behaviour?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Albert Cohen
(c) Merton
(d) John Bowlby
Ans. (c)
33. Consider the following sentences:
On the basis of the recent studies on the families in India, it can be argued that changes in the family have taken the direction of-
1. Making all families small and nucleated.
2. Increasing filial dependence of sons on fathers and reducing the scope of the conjugal relationships.
3. Weakening family norms and increasing trends towards neo-local residence.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1,2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 3 only.
Ans. (d)
34. In Radeliffe-Brown’s terms, the relationship between a man and his mother’s brother in a patrilineal society is one of –
(a) Filiation
(b) Complementary filiation
(c) Supplementary filiation
(d) Fictional filiation.
Ans. (b)
35. The term Phratry’ refers to which one of the following?
(a) Grouping of nuclear families in a common household
(b) Followers of a religious society
(c) A close knit community
(d) Clustering of several clans into exogamous units.
Ans. (d)
36. Consider the following statements about social stratification in industrial society:
1. Industrial society is unstratified.
2. Industrial society is stratified on caste basis.
3. Industrial society is stratified on the basis of class and status.
4. Industrial society hinders social mobility for the individual.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (b)
37. The theory of social stratification offered by K. Davis and W. Moore is known as –
(a) Multi-dimensional theory
(b) Conflict theory
(c) Functional theory
(d) Structuralist theory.
Ans. (c)
38. Which of the following theory/model states that the system of rewards leads to a system of stratification?
(a) Conflict theory
(b) Functional theory
(c) Weberian model
(d) Roles-status model
Ans. (b)
39. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The theory of stratification in the form of ‘class’, ‘status’ and ‘party’ was given by M. Weber.
(b) K. Marx advocated that super ordinate authority in a society is to control the subordinates by issuing orders, putting demands, giving warnings and imposing prohibition.
(c) R. Dahrendorf holds the view that stratification exists in each and every human society of the world and also it as a functional necessity.
(d) R. Merton was the forerunner in propounding the conflict perspective for explaining social stratification.
Ans. (a)
40. Consider the following statements:
1. Social stratification is ubiquitous.
2. Caste and class are examples of social stratification.
3. Sanskritisation takes place outside the framework of caste system.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
Ans. (c)
41. According to E.O. Wright, which one of the following is not included among the three dimensions of control in modern capitalist production?
(a) Investments or money capital
(b) The physical means of production like land or factories and offices
(c) Labour power
(d) Political power.
Ans. (d)
42. According to Goody, diverging devolution means:
(a) Children of each sex receive very different quantities as inheritance
(b) Only the male child inherits
(c) Children of both sexes inherit, women receiving their portion at marriage as dowry.
(d) Only the oldest male and youngest female child inherit.
Ans. (c)
43. Which one of the following is correct with regard to the difference between a proletariat and a slave?
(a) Proletariat is a free wage labourer while slave is not.
(b) Proletariat is urban while slave is rural.
(c) Proletariat owns some land while slave does not.
(d) There is no difference between the two.
Ans. (a)
44. Consider the following statements:
1. According to some early social theorists such as Herbert Spencer, social evolution is a process through which societies develop in predictable ways that generally reflect progress towards ‘higher’ or more nearly perfect forms of social life.
2. Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee argued that societies change according to cycles of rise, decline, and fall just as individual people are born, mature, grow old, and die.
Which of the statements given above is/are Correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans. (c)
45. A social institution is –
(a) An established procedure that regulates human behaviour.
(b) A place where social functions are organized.
(c) An organization where social positions are determined.
(d) An organizations that administers social service.
Ans. (a)
46. Which one of the following is not a social institution?
(a) Kinship
(b) School
(c) Education
(d) Prison
Ans. (b)
47. Who, among the following, has emphasized the positive functions of conflict in society?
(a) George Simmel
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Max Weber
(d) Noam Chomsky
Ans. (a)
48. Which one of the following is a correct sequence of cultural change according to F.A. Sorokin?
(a) Ideational – Sensate – Idealistic
(b) Idealistic – Ideational – Sensate
(c) Sensate – Idealistic – Ideational
(d) Sensate – Ideational – Idealistic.
Ans. (c)
49. Which one of the following is an attribute of culture?
(a) Culture is divinely gifted
(b) Culture is socially constructed
(c) Culture is generally inherited
(d) Culture is environmentally manipulated.
Ans. (b)
50. Mass culture generally refers to –
(a) The symbolic products of a group
(b) Artistic and literary creations
(c) The cultural traits of a society
(d) Commercial products of little or no aesthetic value
Ans. (d)
51. Which one of the following is meant by cultural relativism?
(a) There are universal cultural norms that we must follow
(b) One’s view of social institutions is coloured by his cultural perspective.
(c) The function and meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural settings.
(d) One believes that one’s own culture is relatively superior to that of others.
Ans. (c)
52. Which one of the following statements correctly defines ‘Ethnocentrism’?
(a) Judging other cultures with the help of cultural ideal Type’
(b) Judging other species by comparing them with human species
(c) Looking at other cultures with a sense of inferiority
(d) Judging other cultures by comparison with one’s own.
Ans. (c)
53. Who, among the following sociologists, popularized the term ‘primary group’?
(a) Erving Goffman
(b) C.H.Cooley
(c) David Harvey
(d) G.H. Mead
Ans. (b)
54. Consider the following statements:
Reference group theory has generally been used by scholars to understand the process of-
1. Social mobility among individuals and groups.
2. Competition and conflict among individuals and groups.
3. Social interaction and symbolic unity.
4. Formation of human agency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Ans. (d)
55. According to Emile Durkheim, ‘human agency’ is constrained by-
(a) Political process
(b) Social structure
(c) Economic resources
(d) Agency of other actors
Ans. (b)
56. Who, among the following, argued that social evolution is an extension of biological evolution; and actual mechanisms of social evolution and biological evolution are different but both can be understood in terms of “evolutionary universals”?
(a) Charles Darwin
(b) David Landes
(c) Herbert Spencer
(d) Talcott Parsons
Ans. (c)
57. Interdependence among castes is termed as by Srinivas –
(a) Jajmani system
(b) Vertical unity
(c) Horizontal unity
(d) Mutuality
Ans. (b)
58. False consciousness according to Marx is the –
(a) Process by which the proletariat understands its position in history
(b) Difference between the proletariat’s conceptions of itself and its real interests
(c) Difference between the bourgeois “and the proletarian conceptions of society
(d) Idea that a belief held in common by a class is necessarily true.
Ans. (b)
59. Who has applied ‘pattern variables’ to differentiate between developed and developing societies?
(a) K. Davis
(b) B. Hoselitz
(c) W.E. Moore
(d) T. Parsons
Ans. (d)
60. Physical theory about social deviant behaviour believes that deviant behaviour is due to:
(a) Certain types of defects in the body
(b) Social pressures on the group leaders
(c) Social rigidity and caste attitude
(d) None of the above
Ans. (c)
61. Consider the following statements:
Marx’s concept of class ‘for itself implies –
1. Class consciousness and realization of collective class action in pursuit of overthrowing the opponent by the working class.
2. The economic conditions and standards of life characterizing the working class.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans. (a)
62. Relative deprivation is a condition where an individual/a group –
(a) Has become poorer than before even when he/it is above the poverty line
(b) Has fallen below the poverty line due to his/ its downward mobility
(c) Feels deprived in relation to a group with which he/ it compares himself/itself
(d) Feels deprived in relation to his/its own aspirations of material life.
Ans. (c)
63. According to E. Durkheim, the nature of modern law is –
(a) Repressive
(b) Restitutive
(c) Normative
(d) Formal
Ans. (b)
64. The essence of secondary group is its –
(a) Consciousness of kind
(b) Degree of performance
(c) Face-to-face relationship
(d) Impersonality of relationship
Ans. (d)
65. In the theory of Leisure Class, Veblen compared –
(a) Consumerism with social mobility
(b) Conspicuous consumption with conspicuous leisure of the financially successful groups in society
(c) Life styles of nouveau riche
(d) Different ideas related to deprivation of women.
Ans. (b)
66. Which one of the following theories adopts the model of the organism to understand the social system?
(a) Conflict theory
(b) Functionalist theory
(c) Behavioural theory
(d) Mode of production theory
Ans. (b)
67. Gandhian Satyagraha can be considered as an example of which one of the following Weber’s type of social action –
(a) Instrumental-rational action
(b) Affective action
(c) Value-rational action
(d) Value-neutral action
Ans. (c)
68. Social stratification is the mechanism which attaches unequal rewards and privileges to the different positions in society. Whom is this statement attributed to?
(a) Parsons
(b) Tumin
(c) Weber
(d) Davis and Moore
Ans. (d)
69. A social norm is –
(a) What everyone adheres to
(b) An evaluation of the state of affairs as good or bad
(c) A belief in something as good or desirable
(d) Is not adhered to by everyone but guides the actions of individuals in social interactions.
Ans. (d)
70. According to E. Sutherland, which one of the following is referred to as white-collar crime?
(a) Crimes committed by social elites
(b) Crimes such as bribery and corruption in industry and business
(c) Crimes which go unreported
(d) Crimes committed by habitual offenders.
Ans. (b)
71. Which of the following is not an aspect of social structure?
(a) Language
(b) Norms
(c) Roles and statuses
(d) Institutions.
Ans. (a)
72. Louis Dumont conceptualized caste in terms of –
(a) Social differentiation and untouchability
(b) Class and unequal power relations
(c) Dialectical opposition of ‘pure’ and ‘impure’
(d) Functional unity and differentiation.
Ans. (c)
73. Which of the following is not the characteristic of the Jajmani system?
(a) Reciprocal relationship
(b) Hereditary
(c) Goods against services
(d) The range of activity of different Kamin is uniform.
Ans. (d)
74. The process of modernization in India brings about a change in the inner logic of caste. What terms did Louis Dumont use to specify this process?
(a) From ‘culture’ to ‘economy’
(b) From ‘pollution’ to ‘politics’
(c) From ‘structure’ to ‘substance’
(d) From ‘religion’ to ‘society’
Ans. (c)
75. Who of the following belonging to the scheduled caste contributed significantly to the framing of the Indian constitution?
(a) K.M. Munshi
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Sri. Rajendra Prasad
(d) A. Swami Aiyangar
Ans. (b)
76. The constitution of India does not provide for one of the following about scheduled castes and scheduled tribes?
(a) Temples will be thrown open to them
(b) Village panchayats will have no seats for them
(c) Village-wells will be thrown open to them
(d) Land will be provided to the landless
Ans. (b)
77. Which one of the following is true statement about the schedule castes and the scheduled tribes?
(a) Socially they have been neglected
(b) Socially they are being uplifted
(c) Socially no change is being brought about among them
(d) Socially the society is opposed to their coming up
Ans. (b)
78. In V. Pareto’s concept of circulation of elites, composition of elites, alternates cyclically between –
(a) Lions and sheep
(b) Sheep and foxes
(c) Foxes and lions
(d) Bulls and bears
Ans. (c)
79. Who, among the following sociologists, has developed the ‘iron law of oligarchy’?
(a) Robert Michels in his discussion of Bureaucracy
(b) Karl Marx in his discussion of Capitalist Society
(c) Max Weber in his discussion of Authority
(d) V. Pareto in his discussion of Power.
Ans. (a)
80. When a caste group consolidates itself horizontally and asks for special policies or programmes for its development, it begins to act like a –
(a) Political party
(b) Pressure group
(c) Dominant caste
(d) Class-for-itself.
Ans. (b)
81. Consider the following statements:
1. Hierarchy and differentiation are the parts of social stratification
2. Caste system is a closed system of social stratification.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans. (c)
82. Consider the following statements regarding Sanskritisation:
1. It involves a change in the way of life of a lower caste.
2. It does not lead to a structural changed in the system.
3. Even though limited in nature it leads to a more egalitarian social order.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (b)
83. Which of the following statements are correct? For Karl Marx, class is identified by –
1. Relations of subordination.
2. Ruling class ideology.
3. Knowledge, skill and technology.
4. Profit and surplus value.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 4
Ans. (d)
84. Who, among the following, classified religious rites/rituals into positive, negative and positive?
(a) B. Mannowski
(b) A.R. Radchiffe-Brown
(c) M. Weber
(d) E. Durkheim
Ans. (d)
85. A status-set refers to which of the following?
1. The set of positions an individual occupies in a given network of social relations
2. The set of distinctions an individual earns in his/her life.
3. A set of privileges an officer enjoys in bureaucracy.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (a)
86. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) Peasants are considered to cling to tradition.
(b) Farmer’s attitude towards agriculture tends to be profit oriented while peasant’s view land from a cultural perspective.
(c) Farmer’s generally work on their own land while peasants always lease-in land from others.
(d) Farmers work with hired labour while peasants work with family labour.
Ans. (c)
87. Which one of the following is riot a basic feature of the tribal society?
(a) Distinct language
(b) Distinct territory
(c) Social differentiation
(d) Segmentary
Ans. (c)
88. Consider the following statements:
Tribal systems are usually categorized by their –
1. Economic system
2. Kinship systems
3. Educational systems
4. Modes of social change.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 2 only
Ans. (b)
89. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) Morgan : Iroquois tribe
(b) Franz Boas : Eskimos
(c) A.C. Haddon : Torres Strait
(d) W.H.R. Rivers : Melanesia
Ans. (b)
90. Which one of the following is not a feature of peasant societies?
(a) Use of family members as labourers
(b) Complete isolation
(c) Family as a unit of production as well as consumption
(d) Agriculture as a way of life.
Ans. (b)
91. R. Dahrandorf argued that post-industrial societies are divided on the lines of –
(a) Class
(b) The exercise of authority
(c) Ownership of means of production
(d) Democratic participative models
Ans. (b)
92. Which of the following is/are not the characteristic/ characteristics of industrial society?
1. Heterogeneity
2. Mechanical solidarity
3. Mobility
4. Repressive laws
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 2 and 4
(d) 1 and 4
Ans. (c)
93. In the theory of culture of poverty –
(a) Structural conditions are identified as causing poverty
(b) Exploitation of labour is identified as causing poverty
(c) Lack of talents and skills are identified as causing poverty
(d) Attitudes, beliefs and behaviour of individuals or groups are identified as causing poverty.
Ans. (d)
94. Which among the following is not a basic element of capitalist economy?
(a) Private ownership
(b) Profit maximisation
(c) Capital accumulation
(d) Creation of public wealth
Ans. (d)
95. For Weber, capitalism is not related to –
(a) A religious commitment of self
(b) Belief in Calvinist principles
(c) Upper class values
(d) This worldly asceticism
Ans. (c)
96. Which one of the following Indian states took the progressive initiative of first launching the Employment Construction Scheme?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Gujarat
(d) Manipur
Ans. (a)
97. According to Talcott Parsons, which of the following would apply to industrial society?
1. Neutrality
2. Particularism
3. Universalistic achievement
4. Collectivity
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1,3 and 4
Ans. (a)
98. Technological modernisation leads to –
(a) Increase in number of workers
(b) Displacement of workers
(c) Increase in child workers
(d) Increase in contract workers.
Ans. (d)
99. Consider the following statements:
Fordism as a system of production-
1. Is a low trust system
2. Maximizes worker alienation
3. Reduces routine work done by humans
4. Requires close supervision of tasks.
Which of the statements given above is/are the limitation(s) of Fordism?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 3 only
Ans. (b)
100. Which one of the following is not the institutional condition of industrialization?
(a) The institutionalization of rule of inheritance
(b) A commercial system of exchange
(c) The reliable legal principles and their judicial application
(d) A rationally-organised mechanised production system.
Ans. (a)
101. According to M.N. Srinivas, what are the three levels of Westernization in India?
(a) Simple, complex and multiple
(b) Primary, secondary and tertiary
(c) High, medium and low
(d) Individual, community and nation
Ans. (d)
102. Consider the following statements:
For Mahatma Gandhi, women’s involvement in the nationalist movement meant that they
1. Sit at home and spin khadi
2. Participate in bonfires that burned foreign clothes
3. Fill-up prisons and thus protest against the British.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
Ans. (b)
103. The backward classes movements in South India during the early twentieth country were –
(a) Directed against the colonial rulers
(b) Directed against Brahmins and other upper castes
(c) Movements for reservations in employment
(d) Movements for land reforms and land re-distribution.
Ans. (b)
104. According to E. Wolf, peasant movements have generally been led by –
(a) The middle peasantry
(b) The agricultural labourers
(c) Share-croppers
(d) Big farmers
Ans. (a)
105. In Marxian social thought, change from capitalism to socialism will come through –
(a) Working-class revolution
(b) Revolution in the means of production
(c) Rationalization of the production process
(d) Disappearance of the middle-class
Ans. (a)
106. According to ______________, castes are the modified forms of guilds.
(a) Occupational theory
(b) Political theory
(c) Evolutionary theory
(d) None of the above
Ans. (d)
107. Lumpenproletariat is a concept within –
(a) Marxist theory
(b) Weberian theory
(c) Parson ian theory
(d) Durkheimian theory
Ans. (a)
108. According to_____________, a social class is any portion of a community marked off from the rest by the social status.
(a) Maclver and Page
(b) Weber
(c) Marshall
(d) Sorokin
Ans. (a)
109. Which one of the following sociologists developed the theory that within the social system rules become institutionalized clusters of normative rights and obligations?
(a) E. Durkheim
(b) R. Merton
(c) K. Davis
(d) R. Linton
Ans. (d)
110. According to Weber, communal division is an example of-
(a) Status groups
(b) Class
(c) Party
(d) Caste
Ans. (a)
111. The ‘looking glass self’ means that we learn who we are:
(a) by self-feeling
(b) by an act of imitation
(c) by other people’s experience with us
(d) by imagining ourselves to be someone else
Ans. (a)
112. Most sociologists believe that one’s self concept-
(a) when once formed never changes
(b) can change later in life although childhood experiences are more durable
(c) changes all the time as circumstances change
(d) none
Ans. (b)
113. Who used the term enculturation for socialization?
(a) Herskovits
(b) Kroeber
(c) Veblen
(d) Tylor
Ans. (a)
114. The over socialized conception of man was given by-
(a) D. H. Wrong
(b) G.H. Mead
(c) C.H. Cooley
(d) M. Mead
Ans. (a)
115. Which one of the following cannot be placed under the category of group?
(a) family
(b) neighbourhood
(c) criminals
(d) marriage party
Ans. (c)
116. Ethnocentrism is a tendency in which one:
(a) Loves everything of one’s own group
(b) Loves everything of other’s group
(c) Judges every group activity on its merits
(d) Tries to adopt everything good of the other group
(e) Praises qualities of the other group
Ans. (a)
117. Who of the following has said that, “Ethnocentrism is that view of things in which one’s own group is the centre of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it”?
(a) Maclver
(b) Sumner
(c) Ogbum
(d) Kingsley Davis
Ans. (b)
118. The social order is maintained largely by:
(a) Division of labour
(b) Law
(c) Socialization
(d) State
Ans. (c)