100 + Probable Solved Questions on Sociology for Civil Services Examination

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100 + Probable Solved Questions on Sociology for Civil Services (IAS) Exams!

1. Which one of the following terms is used for the argument that ‘there is no superior international or universal morality; that the moral and ethical rules of all cultures deserve equal respect?

(a) Cultural parallelism

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(b) Ethnocentrism

(d) Cultural determinism

Ans. (c)

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2. The habitual way of doing things by a group or society is called

(a) Norm

(b) Value

(d) Custom

Ans. (d)

3. Assertion (A)- Electronics, automobiles and other means of modern transport have brought significant changes in the social relationships aipong the human beings.

Reason (R)- Science and technology have affected the attitudes, values and behaviour of people across the societies.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (a)

4. A society which achieves social unity through a complex of highly specialised roles is based on:

(a) Intimate social relationships

(b) Organic solidarity

(d) Dependency

Ans. (b)

5. The National Commission for Women was set up as a national level statutory body to:

(a) Review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women

(b) Eradicate gender disparities

(d) Improve the status of women

Ans. (a)

6. Consider the following statements:

The dangers of ethnocentrism are very grave in India. Efforts of bringing unity among people of India are defeated because ethnocentrism

1. Involves a double moral standard-one for in-group and another for out-group

2. Distorts ‘self’ and originality of every individual.

3. Makes individuals to look at the culture of out-groups with hatred and even contempt.

Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 2

(d) 1 and 3

Ans. (d)

7. Any small group marked by continuous close interaction of a highly personal and emotionally supportive nature is called

(a) Reference group

(b) Primary group

(d) Secondary group

Ans. (b)

8. The behaviour that departs significantly from the values, norms and folk ways of a society is called

(a) Determinism

(b) Discrimination

(d) Dysfunction

Ans. (c)

9. Social relationship involves

(a) Cooperation

(b) Conflict

(d) Face to face contact

Ans. (c)

10. Erik Erikson has identified eight stages of man from birth to old age. What is the key feature of Erik Erikson’s delineation of eight stages of man?

(a) Social development of self

(b) Development of psychological insight

(d) Other’s understanding of one’s development of self

Ans. (b)

11. Consider the following statements:

The institutions of Jajmani system implies

1. The functional interdependence of castes

2. Absentee landlordism.

3. Inequality of status of different groups in the village

Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 1 and 3

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (b)

12. In traditional Indian Society, the system by which each caste group was expected to render certain standardised services to other caste groups was called

(a) Zamindari system

(b) Tinkathia system

(d) Jajmani system

Ans. (d)

13. The concept of ‘dominant caste’ was first systematically developed by

(a) N .K. Bose

(b) A. Beteille

(d) S.C. Dube

Ans. (c)

14. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes under the Constitution of India is provided in-

(a) The Preamble

(b) The Directive Principles

(d) Article 18

Ans. (b)

15. According to M.N. Srinivas, what is the unit of voluntary membership in social organisation of a village community in India?

(a) Caste

(b) Lineage

(d) Faction

Ans. (d)

16. Inter-caste relations in rural India during the pre-independence phase were largely governed by:

(a) Relationship of dominance and reciprocity

(b) Reciprocity of services

(d) Relations based on a sense of belongingness

Ans. (a)

17. Which one of the following is process, by which parts of the middle class become effectively absorbed into the working class?

(a) Embourgeoisement

(b) Proletarianisation

(d) Homogenisation

Ans. (b)

18. There is freedom of association between members of all strata including inter-marriage and equalitarian social relations in

(a) Open-class

(b) Open-ethnic

(d) Closed-estate

Ans. (a)

19. Assertion (A)- The importance of work as well as its frequency is not going to experience a considerable decline in the society of the future.

Reason (R)- Wages or the money that people need for sustenance will be based on flexi-time.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (b)

20. Assertion (A)- In village India, factions are hardly based on caste.

Reason (R)- In spite of changes in the actions, strategies and rules of the game, clash of personal interests is the real cause of factionalism.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (b)

21. The term’ Ghetto’ refers to a slum in a city, consisting of members belonging to the same ethnic community. It was originally applied to which one of the following ethnic settlements?

(a) A settlement of Asians in London

(b) A settlement of Jews in Europe

(d) A settlement of Italians in the U.S.A.

Ans. (a)

22. Who among the following emphasised the role of Charismatic Leadership in social change?

(a) Sorokin

(b) Pareto

(d) Rajani Kothari

Ans. (c)

23. Class-I town in India are growing at a higher rate than that of town of smaller size. These towns alone constitute.

(a) Less than 50% of total urban population of India

(b) More than 60% of total urban population of India

(d) More than 70% of total urban population of India

Ans. (b)

24. Assertion (A)- Urbanisation refers to the process whereby people are influenced by the values, behaviour, institutions and material things that are products of the city.

Reason (R)- The city is considered as a dynamic source of change that produces a complex, heterogeneous and highly specialised social organisation.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (b)

25. Assertion (A)- All cities are growing rapidly. Nearly 40 per cent of the population is below 20 years of age and 48 per cent are adults between 20 and 49 years.

Reason (R)- Land degradation together with other social and economic factors has also led to greater immiseerisation of the peasantry prompting greater labour mobility to urban areas.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (a)

26. Assertion (A) – Poverty in Indian rural families is due to too much technology introduced in the post-independence India.

Reason (R) – Indian rural masses are not able to cope with complexities of modern technology due to their illiteracy and traditional ways of life.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (d)

27. Consider the following statements:

Social demography focuses on the relationship among

1. The size and spatial distribution of a population

2. The age and sex composition.

3. The types and forms of social structures such as clans, family and extended kinship groups.

4. The forms or structural features of social institutions.

Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 4

(b) 1, 2 and 3

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (b)

28. The population age pyramid of India is broad-based and conforms to a population of an underdeveloped country showing

(a) Large proportion of young and child population

(b) Large proportion of younger and smaller proportion of aged persons

(d) Large proportion of aged persons and child population

Ans. (b)

29. Consider the following statements:

Modernisation brings about domination of modern cultural influences and changes the traditions by–

1. Abolishing tribalism

2. Enforcing legal norms

3. Raising incomes

4. Strengthening the authority of the State

Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 3

(b) 2 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (d)

30. Assertion (A)- In post-independent India, Dalits have gained political protection but their socio-economic progress is not satisfactory.

Reason (R)- Indian society is a caste-ridden society where only certain caste-groups can have social and economic domination.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (a)

31. The narratives passdown in oral transmission is termed as:

(a) Legend

(b) Folkways

(d) None of the above

Ans. (c)

32. Which one of the following is the correct explanation of Mead’s me?

(a) The sense of imposing one’s ego over others

(b) The desire of have self-respect from others

(d) The internalisation of socially learned shoulds and oughts.

Ans. (d)

33. Who among the following is pioneer of American and European diffusionist traditions?

(a) Nadel

(b) Franz Boas

(d) Ratzel

Ans. (b)

34. When a number of people ride in a life together, they usually stand facing the door. According to Anthony Giddens, this world be an example of

(a) Circumspection

(b) Social distance

(d) Role performance

Ans. (a)

35. Which of the following are features of reference group behaviour?

1. Comparison

2. Appraisal

3. Emulation

4. Rejection

Selection the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 2

(d) 3 and 4

Ans. (a)

36. When those who have risen above the lowest poverty levels indulge in civic unrest against the privileged, it is an expression of:

(a) Relative deprivation

(b) Social inequality

(d) Factionalism

Ans. (a)

37. Which of the following are the characteristics of society?

1. Territory

2. State

3. Individuals

4. System of inter-relationships

5. Common culture

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 3, 4 and 5

(d) 1, 4 and 5

Ans. (c)

38. Which one of the following is the minimal prerequisite of a social relationship?

(a) Physical contact

(b) Face to face contact

(d) Harmony

Ans. (c)

39. Which of the following are the characteristics of a modern urban society?

1. Organic solidarity

2. Mechanical solidary.

3. Strong collective consciousness

4. Weak collective consciousness

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 2 and 3

(b) 2 and 4

(d) 1 and 4

Ans. (d)

40. What does acculturation signify?

(a) Growing up and internalising the values and norms of one’s society

(b) Spread of a cultural element from the centre of origin to other societies

(d) Incorporation of an element of culture from another culture, while retaining its identity

Ans. (d)

41. The view that social structure can be understood through roles, networks and patterns was propounded by

(a) S.F. Nadel

(b) Radcliffe-Brown

(d) Herbert Spencer

Ans. (a)

42. Family Courts Act to deal with disputes relating to marriage and family affairs was passed in the year

(a) 1984

(b) 1961

(d) 1971

Ans. (a)

43. Which one of the following pairs of kin in the given diagram does not represent affinal kinship?

(a) AB

(b) CE

(d) DF

Ans. (c)

44. Assertion (A): Small size and face to face interaction are conditions for the formulation of primary groups.

Reason (R): Social interaction is more frequent and intimate when the number of participants is small.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (a)

45. Assertion (A): Occupational specialisation is a feature of industrial societies.

Reason (R): Industrialisation leads to occupational diversification.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (b)

46. Levirate means:

(a) A man marrying his wife, sister while the wife is still alive

(b) A man marrying his wife’s sister after the death of his wife

(d) A woman marrying her husband’s brother after the death of her husband

Ans. (d)

47. The Muslim community of Lakshadweep follows:

(a) Matrilineal kinship and duolocal residence

(b) Patriarchal kinship and neolocal residence

(d) Patrilineal kinship and patrilocal residence

Ans. (a)

48. In which of the following communities is the marriage with one’s father’s sister’s daughter permitted?

(a) Coorgs and Marathas of northern Maharashtra

(b) Marathas of southern Maharashtra and Okkaligas of Mysore (Karnataka)

(d) The Coorgs

Ans. (a)

49. According to Sorokin, the idealistic culture is characterised by:

(a) Spiritualism and other worldliness

(b) Materialism and hedonism

(d) Contractual and utilitarian social relations

Ans. (a)

50. Dudhlautana, as a form of cross-cousin marriage, is prevalent among the

(a) Gonds of Madhya Pradesh

(b) Santhals of Orissa

(d) BhilsofRajasthan

Ans. (a)

51. The book entitled “Politics of the Kula Ring” was written by:

(a) V. Malinowski

(b) A.R. Radcliffe-Brown

(d) J.P.S. Uberoi

Ans. (a)

52. Which one of the following Five Year Plans of India had human development as the main focus of planning?

(a) 4th

(b) 5th

(d) 8th

Ans. (d)

53. “Property is to be conceived in terms of the control of man over things, a control which is recognised by the society, more or less permanent and exclusive” according to:

(a) L.H. Morgan

(b) R.H. Lowie

(d) Adam Smith

Ans. (d)

54. According to Marx, which of the following are moments of man’s action on Nature?

1. Labour

2. Alienation

3. Social relations of production

4. Anomie

5. Social consciousness

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 5

(b) 1, 3 and 5

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (b)

55. According to Parsons, the social structure of modern industrial society has been described as presenting universalities achievement-oriented norms in the assignment of:

(a) Economic roles

(b) Familial roles

(d) Social roles

Ans. (a)

56. The principle according to which the tasks of each worker are simplified and interated with those of other workers is:

(a) Baggage principle

(b) Peter’s principle

(d) Taylorism

Ans. (d)

57. Which of the following characterise women’s working power in the capitalist mode of production?

1. Reserve Army

2. Disposable workers

3. Part-time workers

4. Visible work force

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 1, 3 and 4

Ans. (b)

58. Assertion (A): Dahrendorf claims that it has become doubtful whether speaking of the working class still makes much sense.

Reason (R): During the twentieth century, there has been a decomposition of labour.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (c)

59. Who among the following said that wealth increases in the same proportion as poverty?

(a) Marx

(b) Engels

(d) Hegel

Ans. (b)

60. The modern industrial society is characterised by a shift of an increasing number of manual workers to the next higher stratum. This process is referred to as:

(a) Sanskritisation

(b) Adaptation

(d) Class-homogenisation

Ans. (c)

61. Who among the following observed that the Chief Executives and the very rich are one and the same group in the U.S.A.?

(a) J.K. Galbraith

(b) G. Mydral

(d) N. Smelser

Ans. (c)

62. Which one of the following institutions claims monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory?

(a) Tribal Panchayat

(b) Caste Panchayat

(d) State

Ans. (d)

63. Who among the following has sharply criticised Max Weber for his failure to distinguish legitimacy from legality?

(a) J. Habernas

(b) C. Levi-Strauss

(d) W.A. Lewis

Ans. (a)

64. Which one of the following is called the output function of a political system?

(a) Interest articulation

(b) Interest aggregation

(d) Political socialisation

Ans. (c)

65. A tribal chief enjoys:

(a) Rational-legal authority

(b) Charismatic authority

(d) Magical authority

Ans. (d)

66. Which one of the following is the basic concern of Article 17 of the Constitution of India?

(a) Representation to backward Classes

(b) Abolition of Untouchability

(d) Reservation of posts for Scheduled Castes in public offices

Ans. (b)

67. In India, a special Ministry for Women and Social Welfare was formed at the Centre in the year

(a) 1983

(b) 1986

(d) 1991

Ans. (b)

68. Which one of the following States in India has the maximum percentage of Scheduled Castes population?

(a) Punjab

(b) Rajasthan

(d) Orissa

Ans. (a)

69. Assertion (A): The Scheduled Castes compete strongly with upper castes for government jobs.

Reason (R): The’ Scheduled Castes have been accorded constitutional protection.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (d)

70. The concept of ‘relative deprivation’ has been widely used in policy discourse on which one of the following?

(a) Social and culture rights of minorities

(b) Social conflict and harmony

(d) Poverty and inequality

Ans. (d)

71. Who among the following emphasised that conflict plays a positive role in preserving society?

(a) Max Weber

(b) Lewis Coser

(d) Anthony Giddens

Ans. (b)

72. Assertion (A): In order to survive, an authoritarian State resorts to repression, permanent mobilisation and manipulation.

Reason (R): In an authoritarian State, the bureaucratic apparatus becomes responsive to the needs of the masses.

(a) Both R and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (c)

73. The melting pot theory is based on which concept?

(a) Assimlitation

(b) Accommodation

(d) Integration

Ans. (a)

74. Children learn the ways of adults perpetuating the values, norms and social practices of their culture. What is the called?

(a) Evolution

(b) Natural selection

(d) Socialisation

Ans. (d)

75. Who among the following made a distinction between ‘retributive laws’ and ‘restitutive laws’?

(a) Karl Marx

(b) Michel Foucault

(d) Emile Durkheim

Ans. (d)

76. What are the customary, normal, habitual ways doing by a group, known as?

(a) Mores

(b) Folkways

(d) Cultural alternatives

Ans. (a)

77. Consider the following statements:

Authority consists of-

1. Legitimacy

2. Qualification

3. Power

4. Regularity

Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 4

(b) 1 and 2

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (c)

78. According to Irving Goffman. ‘Asylum’ is an example of which one of the following?

(a) A social system

(b) A hospital

(d) A traditional family

Ans. (c)

79. How would you describe the situation where a group of people rejects the prevailing values and norms of society and begins to live differently?

(a) Revolution

(b) Deviant group

(d) Acculturation

Ans. (b)

80. The objectively structured economic inequalities in society are explained by Marx in terms of:

(a) Status

(b) Estate

(d) Caste

Ans. (c)

81. The jajmani system is:

(a) A mode of reciprocal service and caste interdependence, widespread in traditional Village India

(b) A mode of exclusive service and caste interdependence, widespread in India

(d) A mode of reciprocal service and caste interdependence, widespread in modern India.

Ans. (a)

82. Consider the following:

1. Ligality

2. Regularity

3. Violence

4. Will

Part and parcel of legitimacy includes:

(a) 1 and 4

(b) 1 and 2

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (b)

83. Ad-hoc arrangements based on caste kinship and neighbourhood which are more important for political activities, but may no longer be activised after election- Adrian C. Mayer calls these

(a) Action-groups

(b) Interest-groups

(d) Interest-sets

Ans. (c)

84. Which among the following are the two main features of caste system as identified by Max Weber?

1. Commensality

2. Hierarchy

3. Purity

4. Connubium

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 and 3

(d) 2 and 4

Ans. (c)

85. According to Robert Redfield, which one of the following is not true of the folk societies?

(a) They are small

(b) They are isolated

(d) They are orthodox

Ans. (c)

86. Which of the following promote adoption of improved agricultural practices for diversification of the cropping pattern?

1. Communication facilities

2. Economic incentives

3. Poverty

4. Traditionalism

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 4

(b) 1 and 2

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (b)

87. According to Durkheim, which one of the following is the principal source of cohesion and solidarity in modem society?

(a) Repressive laws

(b) Division of labour

(d) Expansion of education

Ans. (b)

88. A Society marked by secondary rather than primary group interaction, anomie and generally characterised by homogeneity with respect to life styles, is called as-

(a) Folk society

(b) Peasant society

(d) Mass society

Ans. (d)

89. Consider the following:

1. A classless democratic society

2. A technically specialised and Service sector dominated society

3. A society with contractual relations.

Which of the above attributes characterise(s) a complex society?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 1 and 3

(d) 2 only

Ans. (c)

90. A biologically distinct group representing a common and distinctive heredity is referred to as:

(a) Caste

(b) Estate

(d) Race

Ans. (d)

91. Individuals with a combination of low-ascribed and high-achieved statuses often act “pushy’ in their attempt to emphasise their achieved status. This is conceptualised as:

(a) Mediocracy

(b) Double jeopardy

(d) Relative mobility

Ans. (c)

92. Assertion (A): Many tribal communities are said to have merged with Hindu communities around them.

Reason (R): In the process of assimilation, it is the relative power of the groups that is the deciding factor.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (a)

93. Assertion (A): Integration is the process of creating a single unit by joining the different parts.

Reason (R): Social solidarity is conducive to integration.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (b)

94. Prejudice and feelings of cultural superiority give rise to:

(a) Assimilation

(b) Mobility

(d) Ethnocentricism

Ans. (d)

95. Consider the following statements:

1. It is a secularised type of norm.

2. It is a product of conscious thought and planning.

3. It is enacted by some special agency or agencies.

4. It has the support of the government.

Which of these statements are associated with the law?

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1, 2 and 4

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (d)

96. Mr. X teaches University students, heads his Department in the University, is president of the Rotary Club, leads a political party. All these roles of Mr. X, together, exemplify the concept

(a) Status-set

(b) Role-set

(d) Role-congruence

Ans. (a)

97. “People who live close to one another, who interact with one another frequently, and who feel they have some common traits or values they share with one another.” constitute:

(a) Social group

(b) Social institution

(d) Community

Ans. (d)

98. A formally organised group having limited objectives that are specifically spelled out and well understood is known as:

(a) Community

(b) Association

(d) Society

Ans. (b)

99. Which one of the following is the correct statement? The sexual behaviour of human beings are shaped largely by

(a) Imitation and social interaction

(b) Learning and cultural experience

(d) Persuasion and cultural practice

Ans. (b)

100. When a whole way of life is in the process of change under the influence of another culture, what is it called?

(a) Diffusion

(b) Acculturation

(d) Socialisation

Ans. (c)

101. Assertion (A): Gesellschaft refers to a society based on contractual relationships.

Reason (R): Gresellschaft societies are based on secondary groups.

(a) Both A and R are individually true but R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (a)

102. Assertion (A): Demagogues, backed by political and economic interests, sway assertive crowds.

Reason (R): The assertive personality type is promoted by socialisation at home and education in schools.

(a) Both A and R are individually true but R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (b)

103. Which one of the following can be termed as an aggregate?

(a) The number of persons fleeing in panic

(b) The number of persons watching a street accident

(d) The number of persons damaging vehicles during strike

Ans. (c)

104. Which one of the following activities cannot be termed as custom?

(a) Wearing of a hat during the hot season

(b) Stopping vehicles of traffic signal when the red light is on

(d) Greeting persons by folding the palms in front of the chest and saying Namaste

Ans. (b)

105. What does ‘Gerontocracy’ refers to?

(a) Societies in which the oldest male plays a major role in making decision and political rules

(b) Societies in which younger males/females play a major role in making decision and political rules

(d) The trend and pattern of fertility in country

Ans. (a)

106. Consider the following statements:

1. Bogardus social distance scale is usually applied to the study of ethnic relations, social classes and social values.

2. Occupational prestige scale is not an example of social distance scale.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans. (a)

107. Which of the following statements: are apt to define cultural relativism?

1. No two cultures can co-exist

2. Culture cannot grow in a vacuum

3. One culture is to be studied in relation to the other.

4. Culture is to be studied in relation to its location.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 and 4 only

(d) 2 and 4 only

Ans. (d)

108. Which of the following statements is/are correct? Inter-personal relations in most societies are regulated by

1. Folkways and mores

2. Religious institutions

3. Legal institutions

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (a)

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Sociology, Questions, Probable Solved Questions on Sociology for Civil Services (IAS) Exams

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